UK - Court of Appeal, 3 January 2002, Svazas v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] EWCA Civ 74

The appeal was allowed and remitted to the Tribunal for further consideration. 

The Court of Appeal held that the Tribunal’s conclusions were inconsistent in that, on the one hand, it accepted that individual policemen might subject the applicant to brutality in custody because of his communist sympathies  and, on the other, held that he would be in no worse a position than other prisoners. Further, the Tribunal had failed to take into account the particular importance that the actors of persecution in this case were state officials.

The Court justified the second finding by reasoning that, where the actors of persecution feared are themselves state agents, consideration must still be given to whether the applicant can avail himself of protection, but this assessment must be made in context.

Thus, where the state actively instigates or condones the ill treatment then clearly the applicant is not being protected. However, where the actor of persecution is a state agent, such as a corrupt or a rogue police officer, the principles in the House of Lords decision in Horvath (see separate summary) should be applied taking into account the relevant context.  This could include many factors, including whether the state in question is a democracy. Lord Justice Simon-Brown summarised the correct approach as follows:

“In short, there will be a spectrum of cases between on the one extreme those where the only ill-treatment is by non-state agents and on the other extreme those where the state itself is wholly complicit in the ill-treatment. Within that spectrum, the question to be addressed is whether or not the state can properly be said to be providing sufficient in the way of protection. When, however, one comes to address the question in this context rather than in the context of ill-treatment exclusively by non-state agents, one must clearly recognise that the more senior the officers of the state concerned, and the more closely involved they are in the refugee’s ill-treatment, the more necessary it will be to demonstrate clearly the home state’s political will to stamp it out and the adequacy of their systems for doing so and for punishing those responsible, and the easier it will be for the asylum seeker to cast doubt upon their readiness, or at least their ability, to do so”.

In addition, the Court also emphasised that the seriousness of the ill-treatment should also be considered; “[t]he more serious the ill-treatment, both in terms of duration, repetition and brutality, the more incumbent it is upon the state to demonstrate that it can provide adequate protection”.